Americans spend billions of dollars each year on home water treatment units. According to the Water Quality Association, more than four out of 10 Americans use a home water treatment unit. These units r ange from simple pitchers costing less than $20 to sophisticated reverse osmosis units costing hundreds of dollars.

Drinking water can reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. As long as those contaminants are at levels no higher than EPA standards, the water is considered safe to drink for healthy people. People with severely weakened immune systems or other specific health conditions, or those concerned about specific contaminants present in local drinking water, may wish to further treat their water at home or purchase high quality bottled water.

Before purchasing a home water treatment unit, consider local water quality, cost and maintenance of the unit, product performance, and certifications to make sure that the unit will meet your needs.

Water Testing Scams

If you are worried about the safety of your drinking water you are not alone. Fears about the purity of our water have increased dramatically in recent years, along with news reports of leaking landfills, and crumbling gasoline storage tanks tainting water supplies. These reports paint a gloomy picture of toxic wastes, pesticides, and other chemicals seeping into both well and ground water.

Although most households using water from public sources should have few concerns, potentially harmful contaminants have been found in some water supplies. If you have serious questions about the safety of your drinking water, you can use the suggestions described in this report to have your water tested and, if necessary, buy a water treatment unit. This report also warns you about some home water testing scams, where unscrupulous salespeople use scare tactics and fraudulent methods to sell their water treatment devices.

Some Fraudulent Promotions

Not all companies offering water tests are legitimate. For example, fraudulent sellers that advertise "free home water testing" may only be interested in selling you a water treatment device, whether you need it or not. Because there is no charge for the "testing," you may be willing to allow a company representative into your home to check your water for impurities.

In doing the test, the representative may add tablets or drops of chemicals to your tap water, telling you the water will change color or particles will form if it is contaminated. When your water changes before your eyes, the representative may warn you that the water is polluted and may cause cancer. The best solution, you are told, is to buy the company's water treatment device. You should understand, however, that even spring mineral water would "fail" the company's test.

Others will try to sell you a water treatment device without testing your drinking water or without even suggesting it be tested. They may offer water purifiers as part of a prize promotion-notifying you, either by mail or telephone, that you have been selected to win an expensive prize. To qualify for the prize, you are required to buy a water treatment device, costing hundreds of dollars. Unfortunately, you may discover later that both the prize and the water purifier are of very little value. And you probably cannot cancel your order or return the prize and water purifier for a refund.

If you are invited to participate in such a prize promotion, do not be pressured into making a decision on the spot. Ask for a copy of the offer in writing and read it carefully.

Sometimes sellers will tell you that they need your credit card number for identification or verification, while in reality they want your number to make unauthorized charges to your account. Remember, never give your credit card number over the telephone to someone you do not know.

Some Cautions

We suggest that you take the following steps before you have your water tested or purchase any type of water treatment system:

Avoid "Free" Home Water Tests: Offers to test the tap water in your home for free are almost always part of a sales promotion. More important, in-home testing does not provide the specific, in-depth analysis that is required to determine if your water needs treatment and what kind of system is suited to your needs. For example, in-home water tests may only check for acidity/alkalinity, water hardness, iron, manganese, and color, but none of these are harmful. Avoid dealing with salespersons who tell you strictly on the basis of their in-home testing that your drinking water is polluted, contaminated, or bad for your family's health.

Be Wary of Claims of Government Approval: Fraudulent sellers use many different sales techniques. Some fraudulent sellers claim that certain government agencies require or recommend widespread use of purification systems. Others claim that the government has approved a particular method for in-home water testing. Still others claim that the government has approved or licensed a particular water treatment unit or purification system. All of those claims are false.

The government does not endorse water tests or water treatment products. If you see an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration number on a water treatment product label, it merely means that the manufacturer has registered its products with the EPA. A registration number does not mean the EPA has tested or approved the product.

Determine The Quality Of Your Water Independently: To learn about the quality of your water, ask your City or County Water Department for the latest test results of the public water supply and then compare them to State and federal standards. State standards are available from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection or the State and County Health Services Departments. An office may be listed in your local telephone directory. Federal drinking water standards are available from the Environmental Protection Agency. Call their Washington, D.C., office at (800) 426-4791 or the Florida Department of Environmental Protection at (850) 245-8624.

Arrange For An Independent Test: If you are concerned about the results you got from your local water department or are worried about possible contaminants in your water supply, have your water tested by a private laboratory that is certified by your State health department or environmental agency. To get a list of State-certified laboratories, call the State Department of Health's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation program in Tallahassee, (850) 245-8077.

When having your water tested, deal with the laboratory directly. Some fraudulent sellers ask for a sample of your water to send to an independent laboratory for testing, and then alter or misrepresent the laboratory's tests results.

You should understand that the costs of different water tests vary widely. Tests for bacteria range from $15 to $45, while tests for chemical contamination can cost hundreds, even thousands, of dollars, depending on the depth of the analysis.

Decide What You Need: If tests on your water indicate problems, the next step is to determine what type of system you need to treat the water. This can be a difficult decision because there are a wide variety of water treatment devices on the market today. Water purifiers range from relatively low-cost, simple filter devices for a kitchen faucet to more expensive, sophisticated systems that treat water from its point of entry into a home.

Keep in mind, no one water treatment device can solve every problem. Some systems only soften water by removing calcium and magnesium, while others eliminate virtually all minerals and other foreign matter present in the water. Ask the testing firm or local government officials what kind of water treatment or purification system will suit your needs.

Comparison Shop: Remember, first you need to identify the water problem, and then you need to shop for the right device or filter to correct the problem. Once you decide to purchase a particular type of water treatment system, you will have to make choices in terms of price, installation, maintenance, and warranties. To become familiar with the most commonly available treatment methods and devices, ask for a free copy of the FTC's brochure "Home Water Treatment Units," developed in cooperation with the EPA. Contact: Public Reference, Federal trade Commission, Washington, DC 20580; (202) 326-2222.

Under Florida law, the sale, lease, or rental of a water treatment device is considered to be a home solicitation contract, and you are allowed three days to change your mind and rescind your contract, if you wish. This is true whether or not you signed the contract as a result of a presentation you may have attended to promote the device. Your contract is required to include information about your right to cancel.

Local water quality

Begin by learning as much as possible about your tap water. If you haven't already received it, contact your local water supplier and ask for the annual water quality report (sometimes called a consumer confidence report).This report lists the levels of contaminants that have been detected in the water and shows how these levels compare with EPA's drinking water standards.

Some contaminant levels remain constant throughout the year, while others vary according to season, weather, or from house to house. For example, lead typically occurs when it leaches from the lead pipes and solder that are in some homes. If you are concerned about a contaminant whose level may vary, consider getting your water tested (use a certified laboratory for the most reliable results). Use this information to help decide on a home water treatment unit.

If your water comes from a household well, EPA recommends annual water testing for nitrates and coliform bacteria. In addition, check with your health department or local water systems that use ground water for information on contaminants of concern in your area.

Armed with this specific information, you can determine your purpose in buying a home water treatment unit: to remove specific contaminants; to take extra precautions because a household member has a compromised immune system; to improve the taste of the water, or some combination of these concerns.

Cost and Maintenance

Prices vary depending on type (pitcher, faucet filter, etc.), where and how the unit is installed, and what contaminants it removes. Prices can range from $20 for a simple pitcher to hundreds of dollars for a reverse osmosis unit.

All units require some maintenance, and it is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for replacements. For example, activated carbon filters are designed to filter a certain amount of water; after that, the filters become clogged and ineffective. Check the schedule and cost for replacement filters.

Performance

The following information briefly describes how different types of home water treatment units work. For details, read information that accompanies the product and look for independent certification of manufacturers' claims.

Different units remove different contaminants or classes of contaminants from the water. Sophisticated units may use multiple technologies to remove several types of contaminants and to provide backup protection in case one treatment fails.

A water treatment device can either be free-standing, attached to a tap, plumbed in with a dedicated faucet (also called a point-of-use device) connected to a refrigerator's water and ice dispensing system; or centrally attached to treat all water entering a house (a point-of-entry device).

For most contaminants, a point-of-use device is effective for treating only the water that is consumed. However, some contaminants, such as radon, disinfection byproducts, and some organic chemicals, easily turn into gases and may pose a risk when inhaled, such as when showering. A point-of-entry device can reduce concentrations of these contaminants and others that cause aesthetic problems such as scaling, staining, or odor.

Point-of-Use Devices:

Filter pitchers: Water filtration pitchers are an affordable and commonly used free-standing home water treatment device. Most water pitchers use granular- activated carbon and resins to bond with and trap contaminants. These filters are effective at improving the taste of water, and many will also reduce lead and other contaminants. Specific contaminants removed vary by model and depend on the pore size and other factors. An activated carbon filter, by itself, is not designed to remove all disease-causing organisms. Carbon filters have a specified shelf life and should be replaced regularly according to the manufacturer's instructions. Filters that attach to a faucet or are installed under the sink for a drinking water third faucet: These filters generally use the same technologies as their pour-through pitcher counterparts. Some filters use fabrics, fiber, or ceramic screening to physically remove contaminants. The most common types use a molded block of activated carbon. These filters are effective at improving the taste of tap water, and some will also reduce lead, protozoan cysts, and many other contaminants. Like filter pitchers, shelf lives and specific contaminants removed vary so read the label and instructions carefully.

Distillers: Distillers heat water to the boiling point, and then collect the water vapor as it condenses, killing disease-causing microbes and leaving most chemical contaminants behind. Contaminants that easily turn into gases, such as gasoline components or radon, may remain in the water unless the system is specifically designed to remove them. Distilled water may taste flat to some people because the water's natural minerals and dissolved oxygen often have been removed.

Reverse Osmosis Units: Reverse osmosis units force water through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure, leaving contaminants behind. Reverse osmosis units use approximately three times as much water as they treat, but they are effective in eliminating all disease causing organisms and most chemical contaminants.

Point-of-Entry Devices:

Adsorptive media: Liquids, solids, dissolved or suspended matter adhere to the surface of, or in the pores of, a solid material. Carbon filters use this technology.

Aerators: Aerators force water to travel over air jets. Contaminants that easily turn into gases, such as gasoline components and radon, are removed. Other contaminants are not. The water may be additionally filtered after it passes through this system to remove additional contaminants.

Water Softeners: Water softeners use a cat ion exchange resin, regenerated with sodium chloride or potassium chloride, to reduce the amount of hardness (calcium, magnesium) in the water. The hardness ions in the water are replaced with sodium or potassium ions. Ion exchange water softeners simultaneously remove radium and barium while removing water hardness.

Certification

Make sure that the unit you intend to purchase can address your concerns. There are three different certifications to look for on the label. These organizations can also assist you in selecting a device that meets your needs. If a home water treatment unit isn't certified by one of these organizations, contact the manufacturer directly and ask for proof of the manufacturer's claims.

Three organizations are accredited by the American National standards Institute (ANSI), and they each certify units using ANSI/NSF standards. Each ANSI/NSF standard requires verification of contaminant reduction performance claims, an evaluation of the unit, including its materials and structural integrity, and a review of the product labels and sales literature. Each certifies that home water treatment units perform to meet or exceed ANSI/NSF and EPA drinking water standards. ANSI/NSF standards are issued in two different sets, one for health concerns (such as removal of specific contaminants) and one for aesthetic concerns (such as improving taste or appearance of water).Certification from these organizations will be tied to one or both of these specific standards.

NSF International: The NSF Water treatment Device Certification Program requires extensive product testing and unannounced audits of production facilities. The goal of this program is to provide assurance to consumers that the water treatment devices they are purchasing meet the design, material, and performance requirements of national standards.

Underwriters Laboratories: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. is an independent, accredited testing and certification organization that certifies home water treatment units which meet or exceed EPA and ANSI/NSF drinking water standards of contaminant reduction, aesthetic concerns, structural integrity, and materials safety.

Water Quality Association: The Water Quality Association is a trade organization that tests water treatment equipment, and awards its Gold Seal to systems that meet or exceed ANSI/NSF standards for contaminant reduction performance, structural integrity, and materials safety.

Advice for people with severely compromised immune systems

Some people may wish to take special precautions with the water they drink. In particular, people with immune systems that are weakened by AIDS, chemotherapy or transplant medications are more vulnerable to microbial contaminants in drinking water such as Cryptosporidium.

Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that lives in the intestine of infected animals and humans. It passes in the stool in its dormant oocyst form. The oocyst is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants. It occurs mainly in surface water sources, such as lakes, streams and rivers. In healthy adults, Cryptosporidium can cause illness, but for people with weakened immune systems, it can cause severe illness and even death.

Those who wish to take extra measures to avoid waterborne cryptosporidiosis can bring their drinking water to a boil for a full minute. Boiling water is the most effective way of killing Cryptosporidium. As an alternative to boiling water, people may take the following measures:

Use a point-of-use filter

Consider using point-of-use (personal use, end-of-tap, under sink) filters that remove particles one micrometer or less in diameter. Filters that use reverse osmosis, those labeled as "absolute one micron filters," or those labeled as certified by an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - accredited organization to ANSI/NSF Standard 53 for "Cyst Removal" provide the greatest assurance of removing Cryptosporidium. As with all filters, follow the manufacturer's instructions for filter use and replacement.

Use bottled water

Check the label or call the bottler to find out how bottled water is treated. The following bottled water treatments protect against Cryptosporidium: reverse osmosis, distillation, ultraviolet light, or filtration with an absolute one micron filter. Bottled waters derived from protected well and spring water sources are less likely to be contaminated by Cryptosporidium than those containing untreated municipal drinking water from less protected sources such as rivers and lakes.

Those who choose to take these precautions should remember that they can be exposed to waterborne pathogens through water used for brushing teeth, making ice cubes, and washing fruits and vegetables - not just through water they drink.

At-home solutions to water quality problems

Improve taste

If you object to the chlorine taste of your tap water, try placing the water in an uncovered pitcher in the refrigerator overnight. This will reduce the chlorine taste. Most tap water is treated with chlorine to kill disease causing microbes. Water systems use chlorine because it is an effective disinfectant for viruses and bacteria, and because it continues to disinfect water as it travels through pipes.

Reduce lead If you have tested your water and know that it has high levels of lead, or if your home has lead pipes, flush the cold water tap by running it until it becomes cold if the water hasn't been used for several hours. Lead accumulates after extended contact with lead pipes. You may use this flushed water to water plants and do other household chores. Kill microbes If you have a contaminated private well, have special health needs, or in an emergency situation such as a flood, boil water for one minute to kill microbes (or three minutes at altitudes greater than one mile) and place in a clean, covered container.

How filters work

A water filter is composed of a screen with many microscopic holes. The smaller the holes, the more contaminants the filter can remove. Filter holes are measured in microns. (The period at the end of this sentence is 500 microns.) When considering filter size, look for an absolute (the largest hole), not a nominal (the average hole), rating. EPA and CDC recommend an absolute one micron filter (or one labeled for cyst removal) to remove Cryptosporidium.

Some contaminants and their size in microns:

Giardia lamblia - 8 to 12 microns

Cryptosporidium parvum - 4 to 6 microns

Bacteria (such as E. coli and salmonella) - 0.2 to 4 microns

Viruses - 0.004 to 0.1 microns (Generally, only a few filters, such as ultrafilters and reverse osmosis, have holes small enough to assure removal of all viruses. However, viruses can be killed using a disinfectant).

Removing specific contaminants

Giardia and Cryptosporidium - distillation, reverse osmosis, absolute one micron filters, ultraviolet light, and filters certified for cyst removal.

Bacteria and viruses - distillation, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, and disinfection.

Arsenic - adsorptive media Disinfection byproducts - point-of-entry adsorptive media systems distillation, aeration, carbon filtration and reverse osmosis.

Lead - distillation, reverse osmosis and some carbon filters. Nitrates - distillation, reverse osmosis or ion exchange.

Pesticides - some carbon filters.

Radium - ion exchange, distillation or reverse osmosis.

Radon - activated carbon filter and aeration.

EPA registration of water filters

Some units have an EPA registration number and an EPA establishment number. EPA registration (unlike that of NSF, WQA, or UL) is not intended to guide consumers in selecting a water treatment device, and is not an endorsement of the product. EPA registers any product that contains an antimicrobial (germ-killing) or bacteriostatic (slowing or inhibiting growth of germs) agent. EPA registers these products because consumers cannot independently verify whether the germ related claims they make are true.

For most units, an EPA registration number means that the filter uses a bacteriostatic agent to slow the growth of microbes within the filter, the unit does not pose a human health threat, and EPA has verified all bacteriostatic claims on the label. Registration is not an endorsement of the filter or its performance. The most commonly used bacteriostatic agent is silver.

EPA also registers a type of water treatment device known as a purifier. A purifier must remove, kill, or inactivate all types of disease-causing organisms from the water, including viruses. Few water treatment devices can meet these criteria. These units typically work using a disinfectant within the filter to kill or inactivate microbes. Most purifiers are used by hikers or campers and are not generally needed in homes served by public water systems unless there is a water emergency.

EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs' Antimicrobial Division website provides additional information on EPA product registrations, www.epa.gov/oppad001. You may also contact the Antimicrobial Hotline at 703- 308-0127 (phone); 703-308- 6467 (fax); or e-mail info_antimicrobial@epa.gov.

For more information about water treatment units:

NSF International P.O. Box 130140 Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140 877-8-NSF-HELP; (877) 867-3435 www.nsf.org info@nsf.org Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook, IN 60062-2096 (877) 854-3577 www.UL.com/water mail to:water@us.ul.com Water Quality Association 4151 Naperville Road Lisle, IL 60632-3696 (630) 505-0160 www.wqa.org info@mail.wqa.org

For more information about tap water:

EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline
1 (800) 426-4791

www.epa.gov/safewater - includes drinking water standards, state certification officers for water testing, and information for household well owners.

If You Have a Complaint

Correspondence Branch
Federal Trade Commission
Washington, DC 20580
(Although the FTC cannot intervene in individual disputes, it needs to learn about home water treatment sales practices you believe to be deceptive.)

To report problems about fraudulent sales practices, call:

National Fraud Information Center
Consumer Assistance Hotline
1 (800) 876-7060 - 9 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. EST, Monday - Friday

Hillsborough County Consumer Protection
(813) 903-3430 - 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. EST, Monday - Friday